Pigeon Key: Invertebrate Biodiversity

Ctenophora-comb jelly
















Porifera-sponges



















Cnidarian-jellyfish



















Nematoda-round worms



















Annelida-segmented worms



















Platyhelminthes-flat worms

flatworms

Arthropoda-jointed feet--> chelicerata--> crustaceans-->insecta

Molluska-shell-->gastropods-->bivalve-->cephlapoda

Echinoderm-spiny skin-->starfish-->sea biscuits-->sea cucumbers

Sea Cucumber

Sea Urchin

Pigeon Key: Snorkeling

We saw a variety of aquatic sea life while snorkeling around the island.  It was so much fun to learn about the different fish and their environments. Below is a list of different organisms that we encountered while either snorkeling or doing classwork.

-Yellowtail Snapper

Blue Tang

-Sgt. Major

-Parrotfish(rainbow and stoplight)

-Bermuda Chub

-Spotted Stingray

-Barracuda

-Grunt(French and Bluestripped)

-Four-eyed Butterflyfish

-Goliath Grouper

-Blue Tang

Yellowtail Snapper

-Nurse Shark

-Angel Fish

-Hog Fish

-Mangrove Snapper

-Porcupine fish

-Needle fish

Goliath Grouper

Pigeon Key: Plankton

-A single celled or multi-cellular organism deriving from the work "plankto" meaning drifter; moves with the current

Two types of plankton
Zooplankton: animal-like plankton that eats heterotrophs and autotrophs(copepods, krill, larvae, and ctenophores)
Phytoplankton: plant-like plankton that uses photosynthesis to create energy(diatoms, dinoflagellates, and green algae)

-Lion's mane jellyfish is the largest type of plankton because it has to swim with the current and cannot swim against it

-Meroplankton lives only part of its life as plankton(crab larvae, shrimp larvae, snails, etc.)

-Plankton is mostly found in the poles because they need sunlight and nutrients and they can get both from the upwellings in the poles

-Phytoplankton prefer turbid water because the darker it is the more likely it is to nutrient rich.  It is called the neuston zone which is the first three feet of water.

-Zooplankton is more commonly found in the Diel Migration which is daily because other fish and nutrients also follow that pattern

Three ways plankton stay afloat
1. Flagella and cilia
2. Buoyancy bubble
3. Droplets of oil

-It is false that terrestrial plants make more oxygen than all the plankton combined

Pigeon Key: Adaptations

Adaptation- a characteristic an organism develops to better fit its habitat

Three Marine Adaptions:
-gills
-swim bladder
-movement

Movement and Specialized Limbs
-siphon(squids, octopuses, etc.)

-tube feet(sea stars)

Specialized Eye Structure
-Omnatophores(eyestalks)
-Tubular eyes

Barreleye fish uses eyeshine

-Tapetum Lucidum and eyeshine

Catching Prey
-Ampullae of lorenzini(jelly-filled sacs that detect magnetic direction, electrical charges, and temperature)
-angler fish use an illicium(lure)

Avoiding Predators: Primary Defense
-thick skin(manatee, walruses, etc.)
-shells(turtles, crabs, etc.)
-toxin(lionfish, spotted scorpionfish, etc.)
-setae(fireworms)
-claws(lobsters, crabs, etc.)

Avoiding Predators: Secondary Defense
these are behaviorally induced and primary is physical appearance
-the sea hare, squid, and octopus all use inking, parrottfish use mucus bubbles, and balloonfish use inflation

Sharks use countershading

Camouflage

making a visible organism indiscernible from its surrounding
-the spotted scorpionfish and the flounder use camouflage

Countershading
a color pattern of the skin where it is dark on top and light on bottom
-advantageous because from a top view the dark blends in with the sea and from the bottom the light blends in with the sun
-hog fish, killer whales, and the four-eyed butterflyfish use body shape breakup

Bioluminescence
where energy is released by a chemical reaction in the form of light

Fungi using bioluminescence

-attract prey, communication, camouflage, and to avoid predation are reasons why bioluminescence is used
-90% of deep sea creatures use bioluminescence
-blue and green reach the deepest in the ocean which is why the radiation is usually that color
-fungi also use it






Below is a link to a game that gives more info on adaptations and their benefits.
http://sea.sheddaquarium.org/sea/buildafish/flash.html

Motion in the Ocean: Photosynthesis Lab

Oxygen
1. no light and green light had 0% change
2. blue light made most oxygen
3.white light produces less photosynthesis than blue light
1. a. no light- photosynthesis requires light to split H2O into O2

b. green light- plant is green, and green light is reflected by chlorophyll in chloroplast, so the plant cannon use this light to split H2O into O2 with photosynthesis
2.Colors-blue, red, white
-colors are not reflected
-plants absorb the light waves for photosynthesis meaning H2O turns into O2
-blue made more than red b/c aquatic plants maybe adapted to use blue wavelength the best
3. White light
-made out of all the colors
-b/c it has blue it should have at least done as well as the blue light
-also can use red light to make even more
Errors
-more or less algae
-mass of each set

	Change	% Change
White Light	1.1à2.1	91%
Blue Light	1.4à3.7	164%
Red Light	1.6à3.0	88%
Green Light	1.0à1.0	0%
No Light	1.2à1.2	0%

Pigeon Key: Reef Fish ID

THE ANATOMY OF A FISH 

  

TAIL TYPES

BASIC FISH MARKINGS

MOUTH TYPES

Pigeon Key: Sea Chemistry

Lauren testing turbidity

-H2O


Turbidity:
-how much stuff floating in water

Salinity:
-salt content in the water
-high concentration=more dense
-ppt=parts per thousand
-36ppt is the average
-hydrometer

Sarah and Katie testing Nitrite

-Temperature

-Nitrite


Nitrate:
-can be toxic to fish
-eutrophication
-if its to low there is not enough nutrients

Phosphate

Gigi testing dissolved oxygen

Dissolved Oxygen:
-high pressure
-photosynthesis
-temperature

pH:
-7.8-8.3 is the normal for seawater which is a little basic

Sun Effects